{"id":176426780,"date":"2013-10-21T02:36:24","date_gmt":"2013-10-21T07:36:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kalamu.com\/neogriot\/?p=176426780"},"modified":"2013-10-21T02:36:26","modified_gmt":"2013-10-21T07:36:26","slug":"history-the-all-but-forgotten-contribution-of-african-soldiers-to-the-allied-victory-in-world-war-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/kalamu.com\/neogriot\/2013\/10\/21\/history-the-all-but-forgotten-contribution-of-african-soldiers-to-the-allied-victory-in-world-war-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"HISTORY: The all but forgotten contribution of African soldiers to the Allied victory in World War II"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><time datetime=\"2013-%m-12\">SEPTEMBER 12<\/time><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: xx-large;\">The all but forgotten contribution <\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: xx-large;\">of African soldiers <\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: xx-large;\">to the Allied victory <\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: xx-large;\">in World War II<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">by\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thisisafrica.me\/writers\/detail\/28\">Atane Ofiaja<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<article>\n<div id=\"tab-0\">\n<figure><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"African soldiers in Burma [660x300]\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thisisafrica.me\/data\/thumb\/abc_media_image\/7000\/7542\/w430.68de7.jpg\" width=\"430\" \/><\/span><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><strong><em>\u201cNot to know what happened before you were born is to remain forever a child.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0&#8211; Cicero<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2013\/09\/09\/219722386\/blitz-the-ambassador-fighting-against-invisibility\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">On NPR<\/span><\/a>\u00a0a few days ago, the New-York-based Ghanaian lyricist<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/BlitzAmbassador\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Blitz the Ambassador<\/span><\/a>, speaking about the artists flying the flag for Africa internationally, said &#8220;What keeps us going? It is the fight against invisibility. It is the fight to say that, &#8216;Yo, we count, and we&#8217;re here.&#8217; And, more importantly, we&#8217;re contributing so much color to the world.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">Africans have been fighting against invisibility, and for the recognition of our contributions in various spheres of life for a long time, and there\u2019s a certain sadness in knowing that we still have to fight for it today, even as we celebrate our achievements. One of the historical cases of our contributions being made invisible by neglect was that of the role of African soldiers in the Allied forces\u2019 World War II victory.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">World War II was the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II_casualties\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">deadliest military conflict in history<\/span><\/a>. When history looks back at the events of that war, the focus is usually on the military might of the Allied nations, and their defeat of the Axis powers. Painfully neglected in the narrative of the war were the thousands of African soldiers conscripted by the British (and other colonial powers). The contributions of these soldiers in the conflicts have been omitted from the history books, or relegated to the margins of official records, and very few of the survivors remain, so their stories have gone with them to their graves. Yet the British Empire\u2019s military success in the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/82nd_%28West_Africa%29_Division#Burma_campaign\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Burma Campaign<\/span><\/a>, and the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_African_Campaign_%28World_War_II%29\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">East African Campaign<\/span><\/a>, would not have happened without African soldiers. African soldiers participated heavily in the Burma Campaign in the Pacific theatre against Japanese forces, in the East African Campaign against Italy (Italy also used African soldiers), and in the Battle of Madagascar against the French Vichy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/q6IyDqPSVDc?rel=0\" height=\"315\" width=\"420\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><strong>The British Empire: A Conscripting Juggernaut<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">The British Empire was a colonial juggernaut whose imperialist imprint was stamped across all corners of the globe. One of the benefits that came with being a colonial power was that you could conscript your subjects to fight your battles, and the British Empire did so on a massive scale. From India to Sierra Leone, the British plucked soldiers from their colonies to fight, and die for them. Africans made up about 100,000 of these conscripted soldiers in the Burma Campaign alone. Most were from Nigeria and Ghana, but there were also Sierra Leoneans, Gambians and other African nationals from British controlled African lands. The majority of African soldiers in the Burma Campaign were primarily the battalions and divisions from the<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_West_African_Frontier_Force\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Royal West African Frontier Force<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(RWAFF).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><strong>The King\u2019s African Rifles<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">In addition to Africans in British West Africa, the Brits conscripted African soldiers from other parts of Africa for the East Africa Campaign against Italy and the German Motorised Company in the horn of Africa, and against the French Vichy in the Battle of Madagascar. The conscripted soldiers from British East Africa were known as the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/King%27s_African_Rifles\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">King\u2019s African Rifles<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(KAR). KAR was formed in 1902. One notable soldier in KAR was\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/africanhistory.about.com\/od\/biography\/a\/bio_amin.htm\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Idi Amin<\/span><\/a>, although he did not join the unit until 1946.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tXnZ8n26d2g?rel=0\" height=\"315\" width=\"420\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">The regiments were from British East Africa (now Kenya and part of Uganda), Sudan, British Somaliland (now part of Somalia), Northern\/Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), Nyasaland (now Malawi), and South Africa. Essentially, if the Brits could get armed combatants from any territory they controlled in Africa, they did.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5sgg-E9BV0A?rel=0\" height=\"242\" width=\"430\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">Along with KAR, British West African forces played major roles in the East African Campaign. In fact, it was the motorised Nigerian brigade of 11th African Division from the RWAFF that captured and occupied Mogadishu, the then capital of Italian Somaliland. Mussolini\u2019s Italian forces had no defence, as they had previously been dealt heavy blows by South African forces. The Italians were easily defeated by the Nigerian forces.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><strong>The British Were Not Alone<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">While the British did most of the conscripting of African soldiers during WWII, they weren\u2019t alone. Italy conscripted Africans, too. Collectively, there were more Ethiopians, Somalis, and Eritreans fighting for Italy during the East African Campaign than Italians. Basically, Africans fought other Africans at the behest, and for the benefit, of feuding European colonialists. The French also conscripted soldiers from their African colonies (<a href=\"http:\/\/thinkafricapress.com\/history\/remembering-tirailleur-senegalais-world-war-two-french-west-africa\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Senegal<\/span><\/a>,<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/2007\/04\/indi-a02.html\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Algeria<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tirailleur#Algerian.2C_Tunisian_and_Moroccan_tirailleurs\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tunisia and Morocco<\/span><\/a>. It took\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/europe\/after-65-years-france-finally-honours-its-colonial-soldiers-2025817.html\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">50 years<\/span><\/a>\u00a0for the French state to express its &#8220;undying gratitude&#8221; to the African soldiers who fought on its behalf).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">Historically, European colonial powers using Africans as their military workhorse was par for the course. The British Empire, Germany, Portugal, Italy, Belgium, France, and Spain all utilised African soldiers, who were commonly known as \u2018<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Askari\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Askaris<\/span><\/a>\u2019.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thisisafrica.me\/data\/thumb\/abc_media_image\/7000\/7541\/w430.68de7.jpg\" width=\"430\" \/><em>&#8220;If they see us they are going to kill us. They [Japanese soldiers] don&#8217;t take us prisoner, no. It&#8217;s the British, the white people, they take prisoner &#8230;. They kill us&#8221; &#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.aljazeera.com\/blog\/africa\/burma-boy-passes-history\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Isaac Fadoyebo<\/span><\/a>, who was only 16 when he signed up to fight. (Source:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/photo_galleries\/programmes\/2011829151520656815.html\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Al Jazeera<\/span><\/a>)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><strong>The Burma Boys<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">When we read and hear about the Burma Campaign, and how the Allied forces conquered the Japanese, the visages front and centre are usually white soldiers. In reality,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/8201717.stm\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">only 2 in 10 soldiers<\/span><\/a>who fought in the Burma Campaign were white. The British relied heavily on Indian, Gurkha and African soldiers. African regiments often worked in tandem with the British Indian Army units known as &#8216;Chindits&#8217;. Of the estimated 100,000 African soldiers that served in South East Asia, over half of them came from Nigeria alone. The African soldiers who survived the war became known as \u2018Burma Boys\u2019. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">The Burma Campaign was the longest land campaign fought by the British in WWII. The British lost Rangoon (current day Yangon) in March 1942 to advancing Japanese forces, and were soundly defeated. They were forced to retreat and regroup. The fighting ensued, and Japan eventually surrendered in 1945, but their surrender would not have happened without the reinforcements from the British Commonwealth, largely comprised of Indians and the African \u2018Burma Boys\u2019. The British did not have the numbers to go at it alone, and the outcome of many war theatres would have been different were it not for African soldiers.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thisisafrica.me\/data\/thumb\/abc_media_image\/7000\/7540\/w430.68de7.jpg\" width=\"430\" \/><em>Many of the African soldiers paid a terrible price but their contribution has been all but forgotten &#8211; not just in Britain but also in their own countries. (Source:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/photo_galleries\/programmes\/2011829151520656815.html\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Al Jazeera<\/span><\/a>)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><strong>We need to document our history and control our narratives<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">It\u2019s a pity that it took over half a century for the WWII narratives of the African soldier to be heard. Many of them never made it home, so their narratives died with them. The same can be said about those who survived the war, but came back to nothing. Most of them are now dead. The names of valiant African soldiers are among the thousands of dead listed on the memorial pillars at the Taukkyan War Cemetery. It begs the question why African leadership isn\u2019t doing more to honour these men and preserve their stories. We have a few war memorials here and there, but quite frankly we need more than just memorials. The stories of the African soldiers in WWII came to light because of news agencies like the\u00a0<em>BBC<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Al Jazeera<\/em>, which is splendid, but what about the Nigerian and Ghanaian news agencies? Why must stories about ourselves have to come from foreign agencies? We have all the information. Why aren\u2019t we documenting these stories for ourselves? We should be the ones at the helm of getting these stories out there; after all, this is our history.\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thisisafrica.me\/data\/thumb\/abc_media_image\/7000\/7539\/w430.68de7.jpg\" width=\"430\" \/><em>It has taken the British a long time to acknowledge their war debt to Africa and the rest of the empire (Source:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/photo_galleries\/programmes\/2011829151520656815.html\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Al Jazeera<\/span><\/a>)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">On the education front, things like this should be part of the school curriculum in the countries where the Burma Boys came from. One thing that sticks out for me that illustrates the difference between social studies and history curricula in Nigeria and the US is that historical battles the US waged, and things that shaped the nation, usually becomes part of the school curriculum. The stories don\u2019t die (well, minus African-American narratives which the white cultural hegemony prefers to bury). You can\u2019t take a US history course without learning about the founding fathers, the battle of the Alamo, the Mexican-American war, or the US Civil War etc. In Nigeria, we learn about the history of outsiders. Nothing is wrong with that, but your own history should take centre stage. The Biafran war is not part of a nationwide curriculum, and that is something that ended a mere 43 years ago, so it isn\u2019t ancient history. Our civil war should be part of the curriculum for our students. Most Nigerians know nothing about the Burma Boys, the East African Campaign, the Battle of Madagascar, or the role Africans played in WWII. We can bemoan the British for not doing an adequate job in telling the world how valiant Africans were, but looking at the situation earnestly, it is foolhardy to expect your colonisers and former enslavers to sing your praises. Why would they? These are people that considered our ancestors their property, and they bought and sold them as such. Extolling the valiant narratives of our people is something that we need to do ourselves. That said, in the age of the internet, I\u2019m very optimistic about the future of African narratives.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><strong>Further reading and exploration<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/8344170.stm\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Africans who fought in WWII<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(<em>BBC<\/em>)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/photo_galleries\/programmes\/2011829151520656815.html\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Photo slideshow and anecdotes of the Burma Boys<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(<em>Al Jazeera<\/em>)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.colonialfilm.org.uk\/node\/2534\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">West Africa was there<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(Please note, this is a British colonial short film, so some derogatory descriptors and depictions are used.)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/martinplaut.wordpress.com\/2012\/11\/29\/isaac-fadoyebo-nigerian-soldier-who-fought-in-burma-an-obituary\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Isaac Fayodebo\u2019s obituary<\/span><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/programmes\/aljazeeracorrespondent\/2011\/08\/2011828135228487172.html\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>The Burma Boy<\/em><\/span><\/a>\u00a0(<em>Al Jazeera<\/em>\u00a0documentary)\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Burma-Boy-Biyi-Bandele\/dp\/0099488981\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Burma Boy<\/em><\/span><\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biyi_Bandele\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Biyi Bandele<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(The book is a work of fiction, but Bandele, whose father was a Burma Boy uses the very real narrative to create a very compelling read. See also\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/bbc.preview.somethinelse.com\/africabeyond\/africanarts\/19924.shtml\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">this\u00a0<em>BBC<\/em>interview<\/span><\/a>\u00a0with Biyi)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thisisafrica.me\/data\/thumb\/abc_media_image\/7000\/7538\/w430.68de7.jpg\" width=\"430\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&gt;via:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thisisafrica.me\/opinion\/detail\/19996\/the-all-but-forgotten-contribution-of-african-soldiers-to-the-allied-victory-in-world-war-ii\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.thisisafrica.me\/opinion\/detail\/19996\/the-all-but-forgotten-contribution-of-african-soldiers-to-the-allied-victory-in-world-war-ii<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SEPTEMBER 12 &nbsp; &nbsp; The all but forgotten contribution of African soldiers to the Allied victory in World War II &nbsp; by\u00a0Atane Ofiaja\u00a0 \u00a0 \u201cNot to know what happened before you were born is to remain forever a child.\u201d\u00a0&#8211; Cicero On NPR\u00a0a few days ago, the New-York-based Ghanaian lyricistBlitz the Ambassador, speaking about the artists [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mo_disable_npp":"","_s2mail":"yes"},"categories":[6],"tags":[4,12,11],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/kalamu.com\/neogriot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/176426780"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/kalamu.com\/neogriot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/kalamu.com\/neogriot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/kalamu.com\/neogriot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/kalamu.com\/neogriot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=176426780"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/kalamu.com\/neogriot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/176426780\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":176426833,"href":"http:\/\/kalamu.com\/neogriot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/176426780\/revisions\/176426833"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/kalamu.com\/neogriot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=176426780"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/kalamu.com\/neogriot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=176426780"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/kalamu.com\/neogriot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=176426780"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}